The 18th century was a vibrant era for British poetry. This period witnessed the rise of many great poets who shaped the trajectory of English literature. Among them, Matthew Prior holds a distinct place. A diplomat, satirist, and poet, Prior’s work captures the political, social, and intellectual spirit of the time. His poems reflect the sensibilities of a changing Britain, marked by enlightenment ideals, growing literary circles, and evolving public tastes. This article explores the life, works, and influence of Matthew Prior, comparing him with his contemporaries and assessing his contribution to British poetry. It also looks at the legacy he left for future generations, including how his work is viewed by 21st Century British Poets.
Matthew Prior
Matthew Prior was born on July 21, 1664, in Middlesex, England. His family background was modest, yet his academic talents were apparent early on. After the death of his father, he came under the care of his uncle, who ran a tavern in London. It was here that he met Charles Montagu, a future statesman and poet, who recognized his potential. With Montagu’s help, Prior attended Westminster School and later St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Prior excelled in classical studies and began writing poetry during his university years. His early exposure to Latin and Greek literature shaped his poetic form and themes. These classical influences remained evident throughout his career, especially in his odes and epistles.
Entry into Public Life
Prior’s friendship with Charles Montagu proved pivotal. Together, they penned “The City Mouse and the Country Mouse” in 1687, a parody of John Dryden‘s “The Hind and the Panther.” This satirical piece gained attention for its wit and style, setting the stage for Prior’s future in literary and political circles.
He joined the diplomatic service and served as a secretary to various ambassadors. His postings took him to The Hague and Paris, where he mingled with intellectuals and statesmen. These experiences enriched his understanding of European politics and culture, which often surfaced in his poems.
Major Works
“Solomon on the Vanity of the World”
One of Prior’s most ambitious works, “Solomon on the Vanity of the World,” is a philosophical poem written in heroic couplets. It draws on the biblical story of Solomon, examining themes of wisdom, power, and human frailty. The poem reflects the Augustan taste for classical balance and moral reflection. It also reveals Prior’s ability to fuse narrative and contemplation.
Love Poems
Prior’s love poems are known for their elegance and playfulness. Poems like “To a Child of Quality” and “A Better Answer” showcase his skill in combining affection with irony. Unlike the heavy sentimentality found in later Romantic poetry, Prior’s love verses often maintain a light tone, emphasizing wit over emotion.
Satirical Verses
Satire was one of Prior’s strengths. His political satires, often published anonymously, targeted the corruption and hypocrisy of court life. He used humor and classical allusions to criticize public figures. While some of these satires were controversial, they helped establish his reputation as a keen observer of human behavior.
Prior and His Contemporaries
Comparison with Alexander Pope
Alexander Pope, another leading 18th century British poet, is often compared with Matthew Prior. While Pope is known for his precision, moral tone, and tight verse forms, Prior’s style is more relaxed and conversational. Where Pope sought to instruct, Prior sought to entertain. However, both shared a fondness for classical models and satirical critique.
Comparison with Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift was a master of satire, particularly in prose. Prior, though not as savage in his satire, shared Swift’s critical eye. Both poets used literature to comment on political and social issues. Yet, Prior’s tone is generally more genial, reflecting his courtly background and diplomatic temperament.
Comparison with John Dryden
Dryden’s influence on Prior is unmistakable. As a former Poet Laureate, Dryden shaped the literary landscape that Prior entered. While Dryden’s poetry often carried an epic tone, Prior opted for more intimate and personal themes. Still, both poets contributed significantly to the formal structure and rhetorical style of British poetry.
Style and Themes
Use of Classical Allusion
Prior frequently used classical references in his poetry. He was well-versed in Latin and Greek texts, and he wove these into his poems to lend authority and depth. This practice was typical among British poets of the 18th century, reflecting the neoclassical ideals of the time.
Wit and Conversational Tone
One of Prior’s distinguishing features is his conversational style. His poems often read like dialogues, with a natural rhythm and ease. This style made his work accessible and engaging, setting him apart from more didactic poets.
Moral and Philosophical Inquiry
Though light intone, many of Prior’s poems grapple with serious questions about life, love, power, and mortality. He often explored these themes through allegory and irony, encouraging readers to reflect without moralizing.
Political and Diplomatic Influence
Prior’s career as a diplomat deeply influenced his writing. His understanding of European politics added layers to his satires and allegories. He was involved in key political negotiations, including the Treaty of Ryswick and the Treaty of Utrecht. These roles gave him insights into the workings of power, which he subtly critiqued in his poetry.
His dual life as a poet and public servant illustrates the 18th century British poet’s complex relationship with the state. Poetry was not merely an artistic endeavor but a tool for commentary and influence.
Reception and Legacy
Contemporary Reception
During his lifetime, Prior was both celebrated and criticized. His wit and charm earned him admirers at court and among literary circles. However, some critics dismissed his poetry as too light or frivolous. Despite this, he maintained a significant readership and enjoyed royal patronage.
Later Evaluation
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Prior’s reputation fluctuated. Romantic critics, favoring emotion over intellect, often overlooked him. However, scholars of neoclassical literature have since re-evaluated his contributions. Today, he is recognized for his technical skill, versatility, and cultural insight.
Influence on 21st Century British Poets
Matthew Prior’s influence can still be felt in the works of 21st Century British Poets. His blending of satire, philosophy, and personal voice resonates with contemporary writers who seek to balance tradition with innovation. Poets like Wendy Cope and Simon Armitage, known for their wit and accessible language, echo Prior’s conversational tone and sharp observations.
Personal Traits and Character
Accounts of Prior describe him as affable, intelligent, and ambitious. He moved easily among scholars, politicians, and aristocrats. His charm and diplomatic skill were essential to both his political and literary careers. Unlike more reclusive poets, Prior thrived in public life, which enriched his understanding of human nature and politics.
Contribution to British Poetry
Matthew Prior contributed to British poetry in multiple ways:
He maintained the neoclassical tradition while introducing a more relaxed and personal tone.
He demonstrated how poetry could be both entertaining and thoughtful.
He blended genres, writing elegies, satires, love poems, and philosophical reflections.
His work reflects the complexity of the 18th century British poet—part artist, part intellectual, and part public figure.
Collections and Publications
Prior’s collected works were published several times during and after his life. The most comprehensive early edition was published in 1718, under the supervision of his friends. These collections include his longer poems, epistles, fables, and verse tales. They offer a wide range of styles and subjects, showing his adaptability as a poet.
Conclusion
Matthew Prior remains a significant figure in the history of British poetry. His life and work exemplify the fusion of art, intellect, and public service that characterized the 18th century British poet. While he may not have the towering reputation of Pope or Swift, his contributions are no less valuable. His poetry continues to inspire for its wit, clarity, and insight into the human condition.
In an age where British poets sought to balance classical ideals with modern concerns, Prior found a unique voice. He stands as a bridge between formal tradition and personal expression. His legacy endures, reminding us that poetry can be both a mirror and a lamp—reflecting society and illuminating truth. For readers and poets alike, Matthew Prior offers a model of how to write with grace, intelligence, and humanity.
